The Development of William Mossop’s Character in Hobson’s Choice Essay

The Development of William Mossop’s Character in Hobson’s Choice William Mossop began as a tenant housing with Ada Figgins. He was modest and had no desire working at Hobson’s shoe shop at the base of the chain. Toward the finish of the play he was yearning, hitched also, the joint proprietor of Hobsons shop. The crowd identifies with Willie the first occasion when he shows up on stage since he ‘only comes most of the way up the snare door’. This is in light of his social standing and he feels that he isn't qualified to address Hobson and the ‘upper class people’. As the play advances Willie gets a more noteworthy feeling of certainty. This is indicated when Willie starts to talk more and is additionally taught and that's only the tip of the iceberg confident. Willie additionally gets progressively sure after he gets hitched to Maggie. Willie slowly stirs his way up the stepping stool and starts to take over Hobson’s shop. During the play, Hobson can't observe over the shoe shop and his girls have all developed, moved out, and got hitched, including Maggie, who is hitched to Willie. Willie now has desire and these are to cre... The Development of William Mossop’s Character in Hobson’s Choice Essay The Development of William Mossop’s Character in Hobson’s Choice William Mossop began as a tenant housing with Ada Figgins. He was modest and had no desire working at Hobson’s shoe shop at the base of the chain. Toward the finish of the play he was yearning, hitched what's more, the joint proprietor of Hobsons shop. The crowd feels for Willie the first occasion when he shows up on stage since he ‘only comes most of the way up the snare door’. This is due to his social standing and he feels that he isn't qualified to address Hobson and the ‘upper class people’. As the play advances Willie obtains a more noteworthy feeling of certainty. This is demonstrated when Willie starts to talk more and is additionally instructed and then some confident. Willie likewise gets increasingly certain after he gets hitched to Maggie. Willie step by step stirs his way up the stepping stool and starts to take over Hobson’s shop. During the play, Hobson can't observe over the shoe shop and his little girls have all developed, moved out, and got hitched, including Maggie, who is hitched to Willie. Willie now has aspirations and these are to cre...

be the best Essays - Areca, Smile, Grapefruit Trees, Soft Fragrance

I need to comprehend what individuals feeling. I truly have many best friends,when I make them smile,i haappy.Although I was conceived and raised in the nation, I invested a large portion of my energy in the city; notwithstanding, an agreeable life in the city has never spoke to me. Furthermore, the nation with its favorable circumstances despite everything has a call to me for good. To begin with, the new and clean quality of the nation causes you to feel more advantageous. How loose and wonderful you are the point at which you can appreciate the unadulterated air drifted with delicate aroma of areca and grapefruit trees in your nursery! Hence, you can go for a walk around the nursery each morning and night. The smothering and dirtied air of a packed city, despite what might be expected, makes you suffocated and irritated. It might raise mental issues and other lethal maladies to urban occupants.

Human Terrain in Afghanistan

Human Terrain in Afghanistan Counterinsurgency and the “Human Terrain” in Afghanistan Home›Research Posts›Counterinsurgency and the “Human Terrain” in Afghanistan Research PostsAbstractIn the research on the counterinsurgency and Human Terrain in Afghanistan, we major on the ways used in countering the insurgency. First, the research talks about the skills used by the insurgents to promote terrorism around the globe. It continues by suggesting the methods that will be used in defeating and winning. It suggests new technological ways which should be implemented in attacking and conquering the strong holds that host the insurgents. Through the improvisation of new technology, the security forces secure important information that in turn helps them to find out about their new plans in harming others. Generally the research paper talks about the ways the U.S and other NATO security forces counter the terrorist attacks that have become a national threat.IntroductionUS Military involvement in Afghanistan has raised a lot of debate since it started in 2001, but most of this is focused on the military strategy they have been using which has been mainly described as “kill and capture”(Johnson Mason, 2007). Counterinsurgency is a strategy the US army has been using which has also raised opposition.   A US Army colonel, Gian Gentile, who is opposed to the use of this strategy in Afghanistan, said in October that the US army is using this strategy without serious examination of it and its extent (Jones, 2008). In order to understand the concept of Counterinsurgency or simply COIN as it is simplified one must understand what insurgency is. An insurgency is defined by Gordon, (2009) as an armed rebellion by guerilla groups against an established government or authority.The department of defense defines this as “an organized, armed political struggle whose goal may be seizure of power through revolutionary takeover and replacement of the existing government” (Nyberg, 1991). Counteri nsurgency on the other hand is defined as a military, paramilitary, political, and economic and also Psychological and civic actions taken by the government in defeating insurgency” (Kilcullen, 2007). A comprehensive counterinsurgency strategy can be employed Afghanistan successful, if it is well understood and given its necessary support.InsurgencyThe word insurgency originated from a Latin word insurgo which means to rise up (Gordon, 2009). Insurgency is mainly meant to weaken the control of established governments or authorities while amassing this power to the insurgents. Insurgency is therefore the political struggle between the authority in power and a challenger that uses violence as a tool of struggle In order to provoke and gain power from the established authority. Insurgents use several tactics (Cassidy, 2006). They include provocation of the authority by nihilistic attack on civilian targets such as the case of the 2001 twin tower attacks on World Trade Center in New Y ork. This was to provoke the country to use military force which is what happened when George Bush attacked Iraq after promising that whoever was behind the bomb blast will hear from America (Price, 2009). Another tactic they use is exhaustion measures. They try to get the counterinsurgency forces to adopt measures or actions that do not necessarily advance their mission but only use a lot of effort such as garrisons, conveys and guards among others.The insurgents draw their support in terms of food, water, ammunitions and intelligence supply from the population of civilians in their communities. These may not be willing participants and therefore they terrify them through violent acts and threats in order to make them cooperate. They might also play this tactic with security forces and civil administration. Insurgents also prolong the conflict so as to exhaust the counterinsurgency forces, control their loss rates and try to match setbacks with strengths. They might lie low for a w hile as they recruit and train after a loss and also replace a leader immediately when one falls (Department of the Army, 2009).The first and the most natural response after an attack on civilian targets such as the bombing of Kirkuk Girls’ school in Iraq on 2nd April 2007 by Al-Qaida is that authorities send troops to find and capture or avenge the people (Jones, 2008). This is obviously a trap and is meant to provoke them. The force is seen as an effective counter measure and also internal political among the government supporters want that.   This is counterproductive in that insurgents have managed to convince their communities in which they are fighting from, that they share their grievances which are political, economic or religious which the governments have ignored. Counter attack measures reinforce this propaganda in the minds of the people on how the government is not willing to listen to them or are against them. This is the reason any strategies taken to counter insurg ency must be well thought out (Gordon, 2009). This is where counterinsurgency strategy comes in.Counterinsurgency The perpetrators of violent attacks against civilians must be pursued and wiped out completely but, with measured application of force (Metz Millen, 2003). This means minimum effective force of arms that puts emphasis on ‘effective’ since failure to respond will encourage more attacks and wavering in the face of attacks on civilians will be interpreted as weakness. Unlike the insurgents with no responsibility, the counterinsurgency forces have the power and responsibility.   Political propagandas perpetuated by the insurgents must be dealt with in all means.   Counterinsurgency as a military strategy provides for this since it provides opportunities for political peace, economic opportunities and displays respect for the local people and engage them in finding lasting solution.In another report by Gordon, (2009) says that counterinsurgency does not involve only mili tary units but it also involves establishing and solving the under laying issues that bring dissatisfaction in the current government among the population. This will involve many aspects such as dealing with land issues, unemployment, oppressive regimes and ethnical conflicts or tensions, all in the menu for finding a lasting solution. The officers involved will find themselves negotiating political deals, dealing with nonmilitary organizations and other countries, providing basic serves such as water and health care, speaking a language that is foreign to them and communicating the progress to the interested parties.Counterinsurgency outlines a long range plan that combines tactics of offensive, defensive and stability operations as the Department of the Army, (2009) manual outlines. In order to achieve a balance between these functions, the tactical units must divide their efforts well in seven lines of action. These are to establishing security of the population, establish civil control, support the government forces, support governance, restore or provide basic services, support economic and infrastructure development and conduct intelligence or information engagement. This is referred to as unity of effort which is very important in defeating the insurgents, offering security to the population and gaining the support of the people. This is not a mean feat but US forces doing the battle in Afghanistan must exercise tactical patience, good judgment and innovation in order to beat the insurgents in the country.Counterinsurgency involved five tactics as discussed by (Joes, 2004). These include: Population control or what is referred to as “drain the water.” It is a tactic that involves relocating the population where insurgents are getting support to another area which is more secure. By isolating the insurgents they are left with no supplies and cover and this makes their capture easier. This tactic was widely used in South Vietnam by the US forces. Rura l populations were relocated to secured camps known as strategic hamlets and crop land sprayed with Agent Orange spray to destroy resources for Viet Cong. Other such measures used by the Australian army to control population are vehicle and personnel checkpoints and national identity cards. The second tactic is the oil spot which refers to concentrating counterinsurgency forces in a secured region that they are continually expanding. This also was used by the US in Vietnam again as Strategic hamlet program. The third tactic is cordon and search. In this tactic, an area or premises is coded off and searched for insurgents or weapons. This is used in recent times as a principle called Stability and Support Operations (SASO) where there is no enough intelligence to warrant an intense search.It is mainly used in neighborhoods in urban areas and aims to cause as little inconvenience to the inhabitants as possible. Air craft operation is another tactic used which involves use of aircrafts in intelligence gathering, surveillance, transportation of both combatants and civilian and supplies and reconnaissance. Finally, public diplomacy is used to secure strong relations with the local population of natives. One goal of COIN is to defeat the insurgents and rendering them UN influential and ineffective. This is accomplished by winning over the population that supports them. This is done by a complete understanding of the natives, their culture, their relationship[s with insurgents, nongovernmental organizations in the area and their views and opinions of the insurgency and the authority in power.Human Terrain SystemThe counters urgency strategy as explained above requires a lot of public diplomacy. This is a gap that had been missing in the army operations in the battlefields around the world and was inspired by the US army experience in Vietnam during the Vietnam War. It was first suggested in 2005 by Montgomery McFate and Andrea Jackson in their article “An organizat ional Solution for the Department of Defense’s Cultural Knowledge Needs” (Human Terrain System, 2011). According to the HTS website this team of experts is deployed to conduct empirical research and analysis on the socio-cultural environment of the specific social groups on the ground of operation and maintain a current and relevant knowledge base. This knowledge guides the commander’s military decision making. This program is not involved in the combat operations of the military but help in understanding the local population to deployed combat teams (Gordon, 2009).According to Human Terrain System, (2011), the work and purpose of the HTS is outlined in the contractor memo the HTS in Afghanistan and Iraq helping the commanders understand why the people were guiding the enemy and their hostility towards the US army. The contact also specifically pointed out that HTS team would not accompany the Brigade Combat Teams (BCT) in their patrols but they would remain in the Green Zones and work on the findings of the experience of BCT from the field patrols for their analysis. The HTS was integrated into the Army as part of the intelligence or information function. It is now designed to specifically to guide brigade commanders and their team understands and addresses cultural aspects of the population in Afghanistan and Iraq in the operational and tactical levels. This focuses on social, ethnographic, cultural, economic and political elements of the host communities and in which the insurgents operate.This has revolutionaries the traditional intelligence systems by bringing focus to cultural dimensions such as language, values of the local community in preparation of staff on mission (Gordon, 2009). A social scientist, Montgomery McFate joined the army HTS team in 2007 and has helped develop a CPE database that allows gathering of information on local populations and regular updates. In Afghanistan the program has been able to create databases for local leaders, tribes, political disputes, economic issues amid social problems.Criticism of the programThe HTS have encountered its share of criticism. The biggest criticism has come from anthropologists no less, citing ethical concerns regarding the reports generated by the program (Metz Millen, 2003). The concern is that the reports can be used by military and intelligence agencies in a manner that make the subjects of the research susceptible. They cite that the program lacks ethical safeguard for the population researched such as the leak of the Human Terrain Systems handbook that wiki leaks got access to (Price, 2009). Another criticism is leveled on the resources it is using.   By 2009 the program had 400 employees operating under private contractors thought it has been a part of the army. In 2007, the US Defense Secretary authorized a $40 million expansion program for HTS amid accusations of financial mismanagement. Vepisonage and deaths of staff is another thing being leveled agonist HTS program. By 2009 three members of staff of HTS were killed in course of their work while one of them was charged in a court of law for killing an Afghan who attacked his colleague, a social scientist paula Loyd (Price, 2009).Insurgency and counterinsurgency in AfghanistanInsurgency began in 2002 in Afghanistan as groups such as Taliban began a sustained effort to overthrow the government. Since then they have continually undermined the government in its efforts to establish a national government. The most active groups are the Taliban which Al Quida backed and the Gulbuddin Hekmatyar’s faction of the Hizb-i-Islami HiG which mostly operate in the South and East part of the along the Pakistan boarder   (Barno, 2006). The attacks by these groups are mainly aimed at provoking the American Army to counter their reprisals “kill and capture” manner which are consistently failing (Cassidy, 2006) suggests that the best way to deal with the insurgents in this country is adopting a stra tegy that will focused on reconstruction and massive economic development. This will enable the populations in these area experience tangible benefits from president Karzai’s government which will make more legitimate to them.Metz Millen, (2003) reports that insurgency in Afghanistan originates from three basic problems in the country. First is the lack of state structure and the inability to of the Karzai government to reach or create presence all over the country, then the failure to secure rural area so that economic development and reconstruction can take root and finally lack of improvement in the lives of the most of the people in the southern part of the country. In another report (Mazzetti, Perlez, Schmitt, Lehren, 2010) says that there is clearly a lack of understanding of the Taliban in the western world. To the west they are robed, bearded men wielding guns and Qurans and generally instituting cruel policies and angry at the whole world. No effort was made in the star t of occupation by the America and NATO to understand them. There was no understanding of the soviet occupation of Afghanistan and its influence, Islamic traditions and the ethnic, tribal and linguistic phenomenon of the Taliban’s. In the mixture of all this is the effect of the Pakistan boarder on the Taliban and their rise.Though the American soldiers and Marines and NATO forces have been in the country up to date, a lasting stability is not something that has been experienced. Reports of 2006 indicate that more than 340 soldiers and Marines have been killed. In The first five months of 2006 insurgency attacks increased by 200% as (Jones, 2008) reports compared to those of a similar period in 2005. The years have also seen insurgency groups organize themselves into big attack groups of about 100 fighters carrying out assaults on secured government posts. It believed that the group had about 12,000 fighters by 2007 in areas of Oruzgan, Helmand, Zabol and Kandahar.   This is why a report by Afghanistan ambassador to the United States, Siad Jawad, was quoted in a report confessing that the government has lost a lot area of control especially in the East of the country (Mazzetti, Perlez, Schmitt, Lehren, 2010). This could only mean that insurgents are moving freely.Another phenomenon that is alien to the culture of Afghanistan is increased suicide bombings. Suicide is abhorred in Afghanistan and the adoption of the Improvised explosives devises (IEDS) show that the insurgents are coordinating with those in Iraq and that there is growing technological sophistication. The suicide bombs and other gargets used have shown evidence that they are being imported from Pakistan and foreign Islamizes. The unsecured tribal areas in the Northern part of Pakistan are safe havens for the insurgent’s leadership; provide recruits and training ground for all insurgents groups including Al Qaeda, Taliban and HiG (Jones, 2008).The US department of defense and the Kabul governm ent failed to take advantage of the rural Pashtun. The Taliban capitalized on this and have gained a lot of support from them. The US army approached the insurgency in the south as a deductive math’s of reducing the insurgent group to zero as Mazzetti, Perlez, Schmitt, Lehren,( 2010) says which was a complete failure and played the fighters game instead. In the southern side the insurgents intimated the rural folks by telling those who wanted to support the Us soldiers and Karzai government they will be back. This was done through night letters and a common saying “the Americans have wrist watches but we have got the time” (Jones, 2008).Another thing that is not working well with the Americans trap set by the Taliban where they fight in villages to provoke them. They sacrifice the lives of a few fighters to get sympathy from the local community leaving no space fot the Americans even to start diplomacy. Entangled in this is the element of the local culture of Pashtumwali and badal   or revenge as an obligation. This is a phenomenon the American do not understand (Price, 2009).ConclusionThe American and NATO soldiers and marines in the Afghanistan can still win the war in Afghanistan even faced with such odds. There is need to adopt and implement an effective counterinsurgency strategy. This will require a major boost to manpower, equipment and reconstruction resources. The forces of this change which includes to an extent the commitment and involvement of the Kabul government to patiently develop a stable country that is free of terrorism. The involvement of the HTS program cannot be overstressed as the actors in the counterinsurgency need a comprehensive understanding of the country, Taliban and the communities that support insurgency.   They need to consolidate a comprehensive understanding of the culture, language and tribal hierarchies in Afghanistan. Support for the insurgency also comes from the notorious Pakistan boarder and the surrounding commu nities which an HTS should study.This will require support even from the Pakistan authorities which will present problems of its own. The form of support needed here will not come in form of support from the president to the United States, but in taking a decisive step to exercise control of his country. He will need to shut down the border as it also threatens his country’s stability.The United States have been playing in the Taliban’s game plan of “kill nard capture” and this needs to change in order to allow counterinsurgency measures to work. They must start training their soldiers well taking time to teach them the language and culture of the people. This has started with HTS teaching soldiers eating manners and observing Ramadan, all they need to do is put more effort.

The Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki - 775 Words

The Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was a devastating event for the Japanese people. Although WW2 was coming to an end, they would not back down. This led to America dropping the atomic bomb onto them. Many innocent lives were lost during the bombing and the damage to the two cities was severe. The aftermath followed the Japanese even years after. Some people considered this act to be â€Å"justified†. Many lives were taken that day in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. â€Å"On August 6, 1945, an atomic bomb carried from Tinian Island in the Marianas in a specially equipped B-29 was dropped on Hiroshima, at the southern end of Honshu: the combined heat and blast pulverized everything in the explosion’s immediate vicinity, generated fires that burned almost 4.4 square miles completely out, and immediately killed some 70,000 people (the death toll passed 100,000 by the end of the year). A second bomb, dropped on Nagasaki on August 9, killed between 35,000 and 40,000 people, injured a like number, and devastated 1.8 square miles.† (Thomas A. Hughes - Associate Professor of History, Air War College, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, U.S. Author of Over Lord: General Pete Quesada and the Triumph of Tactical Air Power in World War II.) The suffering did not end for the Japanese people. â€Å"In the weeks following this catastrophic bombing, myriad survivors began to observe the appearance of petechiae (small spots caused by haemorrhages) on their skin. These spotsShow MoreRelatedThe Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1720 Words   |  7 PagesPart A: Plan of Investigation To what extent did the bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan justified? The Manhattan project was the reason the bomb, ‘Little Boy’ and ‘Fat Man’ were dropped in Japan. The Manhattan project was created because America was frightened, that Germany was already creating nuclear bombs. (http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/bombing-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki) So, America started the project in 1949. The reason Japan became the target was because, JapanRead MoreHiroshima And Nagasaki Bombing Of Hiroshima1206 Words   |  5 PagesWar Two Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing The Bombing In 1945, the US dropped 2 atomic bombs on the cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, causing hundreds of thousands civilian deaths. Some people say that this act helped to end the world war and save more lives, but others think that it was not needed and wasn t the cause of the Japanese surrender. Sequence of Events 5th August 1945 President gives approval to use bombs 6th August 1945 Bombing of Hiroshima 9th August 1945 Bombing of Nagasaki 15th AugustRead MoreThe Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki700 Words   |  3 PagesThe Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The United States was completely unjustified in dropping the atomic bomb because it was used so we could have a sense of â€Å"power† over the rest of the world. President Harry Truman had paid no heed to his prior statements as to the intended use of the bomb; and not only had it violated the Hague Convention, but it also caused lifelong repercussions for Japan’s land and people. The United States, nearly 70 years later, has yet to apologize to the victims orRead MoreThe Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1902 Words   |  8 Pages Hiroshima and Nagasaki altered the course of world events by starting the Cold War, ushering advancements in technology, and by influencing cultures worldwide. Occurring on August 6 and August 9 in 1945, the bombing of the cities set of a series of events that would forever change history. The United States and the Soviet Union emerged from the war as superpowers with seemingly limitless power. Their ideologies, however, contrasted greatly, and the once allied nations would turn against each otherRead MoreThe Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1474 Words   |  6 PagesNuclear Paper: The Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki World War Two is arguably the most famous war in world history. It is remembered as a very tragic and influential historical event across the globe. Many countries joined the war at different times, but the general start date has been narrowed to the period of time between 1931 and 1939. The war was primarily between two main powers; the Axis nations, consisting of Nazi Germany, Italy, and Japan, and the Allied nations, led by Britain and CommonwealthRead MoreThe Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1593 Words   |  7 Pages Bombing of Hiroshima On August 8th 1945 the first atomic weapon, a fission bomb, was dropped on the city of Hiroshima in an attempt to force the Japanese to surrender in World War II (Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 2009). This event exposed the danger of nuclear energy. This massive explosion demolished 90 percent of the city and immediately killed 80,000 people. This was only the beginning though, tens of thousands of innocent people died due to the aftermath of radiation exposure for anotherRead MoreThe Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1165 Words   |  5 Pagesnot entered the war at the time. It wasn’t until after the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 that the U.S. had officially declared war on Germany and Japan. After Germany had agreed to an unconditional surrender, therefore ending the war in Europe, the U.S. was still at war with Japan and the U.S, hesitant to risk more American lives, made the difficult decision to drop the atomic bomb over Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Both bom bings resulted in the instant deaths of about 135,000 people andRead MoreThe Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki888 Words   |  4 PagesThe Bombing of Hiroshima Nagasaki Would you kill a thousand to save millions? Well the drastic actions taken by the United States did save millions. There were two actions that had to occur to save the millions and end the war, the dropping of the two atomic bombs being the first of their kind were to be the most powerful bomb ever invented using atomic and nuclear forces so create it and packed over 20,000 tons of TNT and was about ten feet long. The bomber that transported and dropped themRead MoreThe Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1051 Words   |  5 PagesThe bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki is one of the most talked about events in human history. It was the first and last time an atomic bomb was used in the history of the world. The bombing did not only mark the end of a battle with the Japanese but provided humanity a first-hand preview into the effects of the man-made device. Since the bombing there have been many discussions such as: who should possess such power, will mankind be the reason for its own d emise, and why did America decide to useRead MoreThe Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1559 Words   |  7 Pagesalready been devastated by airstrikes. It was hoped that the bombing of Hiroshima with an atomic weapon would cause Japan to finally surrender unconditionally. That did not happen. Three days later on Aug 9, 1945 Nagasaki was bombed with the second atomic bomb. Japan surrendered unconditionally Aug 14, 1945. The United States had already been bombing Japan for years with a net effect worse than the outcome of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, but Japan did not show any signs of surrendering. Why did the

African American Nursing Students Have The Lowest...

Although African-Americans represent the largest minority group, studies show they have the lowest success rates in nursing programs. According to the AACN (2013), â€Å"African-American nursing students have the lowest graduation rate when compared to other minority groups†. The lack of minorities providing care negatively effects healthcare outcomes and accessibility. In order to increase the number of African-Americans nurses practicing, it is essential to gain an understanding of the conditions that lead to successes and failures. The purpose of this study is to provide insight into the positive and negative experiences had by African-American nursing students, for development of appropriate interventions to increase the number of successful graduates. Introduction Registered nurses are an integral part of the healthcare system, and make up the largest number of healthcare professionals. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (2015) â€Å"The employment rate for registered nurses is expected to grow by 16% between 2014 and 2024†. This is more than double the average rate of growth for a profession. The rapid growth rate can be attributed in part to better management of chronic diseases and the baby boomer generation. The growth in the nursing profession is paramount, however the demographics of the nursing population does not mirror the demographics of the population served. Individuals from minority groups comprise more than one third of population in the U.S.Show MoreRelatedZero Tolerance Policies And School Discipline10009 Words   |  41 PagesResearch suggests that policies and practices have created a dilemma that has plagued our education system, as well as our society as a whole, that funnels millions of students from school into the juvenile justice system (Robinson, 2013). 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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Whetten, David A. (David Allred) Developing management skills /David A. Whetten, Kim S. Cameron.—8th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and

The Importance of Characterization Free Essays

Characterization is the process by which the author brings a character to life. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle uses exceptional characterization throughout the novel The Hound of the Baskervilles. There are four methods of characterization which can be revealed through direct characterization and indirect characterization. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Characterization or any similar topic only for you Order Now The most common method of characterization is the narrator’s direct description of a character. This is a very important method as it enables the reader to have a vivid picture in their mind. The method of the character’s own words and actions or the method where the character’s reveals their own feelings allows the reader to become engulfed in the novel. The fourth and final method is how the other characters react to him and what they say about him. This allows the reader to interact with the other characters as well. Sir Henry, Mr. Barrymore and Mr. Stapleton are excellently characterized throughout the novel. Characterization is a method used by an author to develop a character. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle explicitly uses characterization to describe Sir Henry Baskerville. The reader can clearly visualize Sir Henry when the author uses the narrator’s direct description. â€Å"The latter was a small, alert, dark-eyed man about thirty years of age, very sturdily built, with thick black eyebrows and a strong, pugnacious face† (Doyle 40). The reader can sense the grief put upon Sir Henry as the author uses characterization to describe the character’s own feelings. â€Å"He walked slowly back the way he had come, his head hanging, the very picture of dejection† (123). The author’s technique of using the method of how other characters react to him and what they say about him enables the reader to understand how others feel about himâ€Å" Our friends title, his fortune, his age, his character, and his appearance are all in his favour, and I know nothing against him, unless it be the dark fate which runs in his family† (126). Sir Henry is thoroughly described using the methods of characterization. Mr. Barrymore is also accurately described using characterization. Mr. Barrymore is a trustworthy individual which is demonstrated by the character’s own words and actions. â€Å"It is my business, and not yours. I will not tell† (131). Mr. Barrymore is vividly described using the narrator’s direct description. â€Å"The man is a striking-looking fellow, very well equipped to steal the heart of a country girl† (118). It is made obvious to the reader how one character reacts to another using the fourth method of cha racterization. â€Å"It seemed to me that the pallid features of the butler turned a shade paler still as he listened to his master’s question† (87). Sir Arthur Conan Doyle described Mr. Barrymore to the exact degree using characterization. Mr. Jack Stapleton is described precisely using many methods of characterization. Mr. Stapleton is a secretive man and kept his opinions to himself. This is demonstrated by using the method of the character’s own feelings. â€Å"Stapleton was guarded in his replies, but it was easy to see that he said less than he might, and he would not express his whole opinion out of consideration for the feelings of the baronet† (109-110). It was evident that Mr. Stapleton was a naturalist using the narrator’s direct description of the man. â€Å"A tin box of botanical specimens hung over his shoulder and he carried a green butterfly-net in one of his hands† (90). The reader can clearly sense Dr. Watson’s reaction to Mr. Stapleton using the reactive characterization. â€Å"The words took away my breath for an instant but a glance at the placid face and steadfast eyes of my companion showed no surprise was intended† (92). Sir Arthur Conan Doyle is genuinely able to describe Mr. Stapleton by using characterization. Characterization generates a plot and is revealed by actions, speech, thoughts and other characters’ thoughts. All four distinct characterizations are used throughout the novel. Sir Henry, Mr. Barrymore and Mr. Stapleton are excellently characterized in the novel, The Hound of the Baskervilles. All four methods of characterization are equally important to produce a bestsellin g novel. Characterization is essential in all novels as it aids the reader to visualize a character to their fullest potential. How to cite The Importance of Characterization, Papers

Foxy Case Study free essay sample

Discuss the pros and cons to launching the foxy brand in the United States. Pros| Cons| U. S. market is 10 times larger than Canada. With right business model and price, foxy would gain additional revenue and profit. The brand seeks great opportunity to further develop the business, enhance product design as well as company’s brand image. | U. S market is different in terms of tastes for jewellery. American preferred the latest trend regardless of the product’s origin. It might take foxy some time to adapt to different customers and create new product to compete within that larger market. Foxy may face risk in controlling the business from far; where Foxy’s HQ based in Canada. These means that Foxy Original need to build their trusted teams to support business in U. S| 2. Assess each distribution strategy from a qualitative point of view Best appropriate method of distribution: * Attending trade shows Trade shows were one-stop market place for retailers to source products from wholesalers and importers. Therefore this will enable foxy to understand their customer needs and preferences. Foxy can also build brand recognition through the trade shows. As for Foxy, through trade shows, they will be able to know the current fashion trend in the U. S market and able to position their current designs or to enhance their designs to match the U. S. market. * Sales representatives This strategy will make it easy to enter the market quickly and form various connections with different salespersons and existing retailers. This advantage indirectly expands their business to the larger market. In addition, minimum amount of training they would require for this strategy. 3. Identify all costs, other than variables costs for the trade show distribution strategy. Categorize these costs as investment and fixed costs (per trade show and for fiscal 2005) Expenses | Type of Cost| Cost Per Show ($)| Fiscal 2005| Registration Fee | Fixed Cost| 3,000 | 30,000 | Booth Cost| Investment Cost| 133 | 1,333. 3 | Booth Shipping| Investment Cost| 1,500 | 15,000 | Travel Expenses | Investment Cost| 2,000 | 20,000 | Promotional Expenses | Investment Cost| 2,800 | 28,000 | Total Cost| 9,433 | 94,333. 33 | Notes: 10 potential trade shows in year 2005. 4. Identify all costs, other than variable costs, for the sales representative’s distribution strategy. Categorize these costs as investments and fixed costs (per trade show and for fiscal 2005) Expenses | Type of Cost| Cost | | Fiscal 2005| Rental Space| Fixed Cost| 200/month | | 2,400 | sample board| Investment Cost| 2,900/year | | 2,900 | Promotional Expenses | Investment Cost| 600/year | | 600 | Travel Expenses | Investment Cost| | | | bookkeepers Fee(work 48hrs/year)| Investment Cost| 40/hr | | 1,920 | Total Cost| | | 7,820 | Note: Above calculated total cost per year $7,820 is for 1 sales representative. For fiscal year 2005, there will be 4 sales representatives in major cities, = $7,820 x 4 = $31,280 5. Do the variable costs for both products (necklaces and pairs of earring) differ between trade show and sales representative? Yes. Other than production costs, difference between trade show and sales representative are shipping cost and sales commission. 6. Calculate the variable costs per order received at a trade show and the variable cost per other received at a sales representatives Trade Show | | | | | Product| Cost Per Unit ($)| Unit Produce | Additional Cost| Total Variable Cost Per Order| Necklaces| 8. 05| 25| 15| 216. 25| Earring| 5. 5| 12| | 81| Total variable cost per order at trade show = $ 297. 25 Sales Representative Product| Cost Per Unit ($)| Unit Produce| Sale| Commission| Total Variable Cost Per Order| Necklaces| 8. 05| 25| 425| 63. 75| 265| Earring| 5. 5| 12| 144| 21. 6| 87. 6| Total variable cost per order at sales representatives = $ 352. 60 7. For each distribution strategy, calculate the unit contribution and contribution margin rate for each of the two products line (necklaces and pairs of earrings). What is the weighted average contribution margin for an order at a trade show and an order with sale representatives? Trade Show| Sales ($)| Unit VC ($)| Unit Contribution Margin | Product Qty | Sales mix (Percentage)| Weighted-average contribution margin| Necklaces| 17| 8. 65| 8. 35| 25| 67. 57| 5. 64| Earrings| 12| 6. 75| 5. 25| 12| 32. 43| 1. 70| Total| | | | 37| 100| 7. 34| S. R. | Sales ($)| Unit VC ($)| Unit Contribution Margin | Product Qty | Sales mix (Percentage)| Weighted-average contribution margin| Necklaces| 17| 10. 60| 6. 40| 25| 67. 57| 4. 32| Earrings| 12| 7. 30| 4. 70| 12| 32. 43| 1. 52| Total| | | | 37| 100| 5. 84| 8. Calculate Foxy’s breakeven point for each distribution strategy Breakeven point for year 2005 a) Trade show Breakeven point TS=94,333. 337. 34 =12,852 units b) Sales representatives Breakeven point SR=31,2805. 84 =5347 units 9. Which distribution channel will be more profitable in 2005 From below estimation, Sales Representatives is more profitable compared to Trade Show in year 2005. Trade Show| Order per trade| 10 trade per year| Total number of | Total Units| | | | Necklace| Earring| | Minimum| 20| 200| 5,000 | 2,400 | 7,400 | Maximum| 45| 450| 11,250 | 5,400 | 16,650 | Average| 32. 5| 325| 8,125 | 3,900 | 12,025 | Note: Number of orders of Retailer repurchase no provided and this exclude in the estimation. Trade Show| Units| Units| $| $| $| $| | Necklace| Earring| Sales Revenue| Variable Cost| Fixed Expenses| Profit| Minimum| 5,000 | 2,400 | 113,800 | 59,450 | 94,333. 3| (39,983)| Maximum| 11,250 | 5,400 | 256,050 | 133,763 | 94,333. 33| 27,954 | Average| 8,125 | 3,900 | 184,925 | 96,606 | 94,333. 33| (6,015)| S. R. | For 1 SR | For 1 SR| For 4sr| Total number of | Total Units| | order/mth| order/yr| order/yr| Necklace| Earring| Â  | Min| 10| 120| 480| 12,000 | 5,760 | 17,760 | Max| 15| 180| 720| 18,000 | 8,640 | 26,640 | Average| 12. 5| 150| 600| 15,000 | 7,200 | 22,200 | S. R. | Units| Units| $| $| $| $| | Necklace| Earring| Sales Revenue| Variable Cost| Fixed Expenses| Profit| Minimum| 12,000 | 5,760 | 273,120 | 169,248 | 31280| 72,592 | Maximum| 18,000 | 8,640 | 409,680 | 253,872 | 31280| 124,528 | Average| 15,000 | 7,200 | 341,400 | 211,560 | 31280| 98,560 | 10. Choose a distribution strategy (trade show, sales representative or both) based on your qualitative and quantitative assessment. From quantitative point of view, the recommended strategy for Foxy is using sales representative which has higher probability to achieve target profit grows ($100,000) compare with trade show. However, selection of agents is crucial. Besides of provide key contact, local knowledge and intelligence in achieving sales, agents must believe in Foxy products. Even though Foxy can get first hand market trend and build relationship with retailer through face time interaction in trade show, the potential risk in business expansion should not be ignored.

The Environment In Which Planning Processes Take Essays - Management

The Environment In Which Planning Processes Take Essays - Management The Environment In Which Planning Processes Take Place May Have An Important Effect On How The Process Is Conducted The ubiquity of change social, economic, political, technological and attitudinaland the accelerated pace by which it is occurring demand a serious and imaginative response on the part of business if they want to thrive over the next several years, let alone the next decade or 100 years. Strategic planning is highly selective, sets priorities, and does not constitute a comprehensive review of the organization's activities (Eadie, 1993; Shea, 1997). It does identify the strategic issues facing the organization. Strategic planning should be a constructive, consensus building activity that focuses on the health of the organization. If no strategic plan is adopted the disadvantages are: Loss of competitive edge. Crisis management - reactive rather than proactive. Diverse directions and redundancy. At the mercy of outside influences. Strategic planning begins with the definition or analysis of mission, and cannot proceed until there is mission consensus among all planning participants. Mission analysis identifies the spectrum of customers the organization will serve, the broad categories of products and services it will produce, and the way it will measure success. Once a customer base is defined, the next step in strategic planning is to develop a clear understanding of the characteristics of the groups or classes of customers in this customer base. Once this understanding is established, the organization can then define potential customer requirements extending over the planning horizon. Leading organizations have found that it is wise to include customers in the planning process to increase the confidence level of the strategic plan. The best organizations have extended the strategic planning process to include all major supplier organizations as well. When suppliers and customers are included in the planning process, the concept of value-chain management becomes viable. The value-chain is a series of value-added activities and processes that begin within suppliers' organizations and extends through to customers' organizations. An organization exists within, and must successfully operate within, an external environment over which it has little or no control. Strategic planning attempts to understand the current environment by collecting and analysing data; and then to describe a potential future environment by reasoning techniques, plotting trend lines, searching for potential paradigm shifts, and utilizing simulation techniques. Usually, the future environment is described as a series of potential scenarios that will be obtained if certain specified conditions occur. Given a well-developed scenario, it is possible for strategic planners to develop a recommended organizational response for that scenario and thus, provide planning guidance that can be used to develop annual business plans. The annual business plans will then have the effect of moving the organization in the desired direction. Given enough time and

An Ultimatum IS Final

An Ultimatum IS Final An Ultimatum IS â€Å"Final† An Ultimatum IS â€Å"Final† By Maeve Maddox The noun ultimatum is one of those words that needs no modifiers. ultimatum: In diplomacy, the final terms presented by one power (or group of powers) to another, the rejection of which may lead to the severing of diplomatic relations, and eventually to a declaration of war. OED For ordinary people (i.e., non-diplomats), the word means a final condition or stipulation; ones last word on a matter. So why do so many writers insist on modifying this strong noun with the adjective â€Å"final†? Burger King gives final ultimatum to Aguilar Scott issues the Hood a final ultimatum; stop or be shot at. JEDDAH, November 23: Al-Ahly of Jeddah have officially issued a final ultimatum to manager Argentinian Edgardo Bauza After a string of wrists slaps and threats, toxin-lovin Babyshambles rocker Pete Doherty has been issued a final ultimatum from a London Judge: If he does not show the motivation in four weeks, it will be prison Either an ultimatum is ultimate or it isn’t. If a woman’s ultimatum to her boyfriend is, â€Å"Sober up or lose me,† then she can’t take him back if he fails to sober up. If she does, then she hasn’t issued an ultimatum. At most, she’s made an empty threat. â€Å"Final ultimatum† makes as much sense as â€Å"very unique.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Idioms About TalkingBest Websites to Learn English45 Idioms About the Number One

Crime Rate in Hillsborough County Florida 2000-2012 Research Paper

Crime Rate in Hillsborough County Florida 2000-2012 - Research Paper Example These statistics only represent the crimes reported to the police. Under normal circumstances, so many crimes never reach the police desk. Hence, the police reports though correct, are not inclusive. In the US, violent crime includes aggravated assault, murder, homicide, rape, robbery with violence, violent crime between intimate partners, hate crime, fraud and impersonation, truancy, financial crimes, and killing of law enforcement officers. In the US, security agents that deal with crime include the police, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the Criminal investigation Agency. However, despite the huge amount of resources that the US federal government spends on crime prevention and management, the US records approximately 12 million crimes annually which is the worst criminal record in the world. Nevertheless, crime does not occur universally in the US with some states recording higher crime rates while others record low crime rates (Sperling et al 97-101). Indeed, the New En gland records the lowest crime rates of violence, property, and homicide in the US. Louisiana ranked first every year from 1989 to 2010 on per capita homicide rate. On the other hand, Detroit city has the most thriving crime rates of violent crime. Florida has one of the highest crime rates in US (Thuma et al 5-6). One is either a crime victim or a criminal. Ideally, the chance of one becoming a crime victim in the US depends on location and other demographics. Nevertheless, men, the financially unstable, minorities, and the young are more likely to commit crime or fall victim to crime in the US. However, women of any race are more prone to rape and violence against women than men. In average, 20 % of American citizens become victims of crime every year, which is the highest rate in the world. With the recent economic depression, skyrocketing unemployment, and increasing population crime rate in the US may upsurge due to the hard times and desperation among the citizens (Pearce Web) . However, according to the FBI, US were safer in 2010 than in any other year for the last 40 years (Jonsson Web). In comparing US crime rate with other countries, the FBI considers the nation’s wealth, development, and the nature of the crime. This paper will consider the Crime Rate in Hillsborough County Florida and specifically in Tampa area. It will include the crime rates from 2000-2012 and show what things have been done to combat the level of crime to get the levels lower. The paper will equally highlight some of the major crime events that featured in local and national news. Crime rate in Florida closely compares to that of Louisiana. The crime rate in Florida hit its lowest in 40 years this year (Thuma et al 5-6). However, it is arguably true that where man exists, crime exists. Hence, crime is still present in Hillsborough County Tampa area. Tampa area is a city in Florida and the county headquarters of Hillsborough County situated in the west coast of Florida. Tam pa city offers tourists attraction sites, historical sites, suburb life, and city life. The crime rate of Tampa city is favorable compared to that of other cities. Though there are no serious crimes here, thieves still open car doors and steal personal belongings. In addition, there are cases of shoplifting (Tampa Bay’s News Leader Web), credit card fraud, sex offences, prostitution, and liquor violations. However, these crimes are not on large scale and the security

Marcel Duchamp and Dada Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marcel Duchamp and Dada - Article Example The paper "Marcel Duchamp and Dada" discusses dada movement and Marcel Duchamp. What Duchamp hoped to accomplish artistically with ready-mades was to literally call into the question the clichà © that beauty rests entirely within the eye of he who beholds it. Another ready-made of interest was a work that consisted of a bicycle wheel mounted upside down on a kitchen stool titled simply â€Å"Bicycle Wheel.† The very fact that such an exhibit would lead to questioning whether this qualifies as art at all. Question such as those were the primary component that drove Dadaists and it was such a Such were the questions raised by the concepts of Dadaism; this was an innovative step that even today, nearly a century later, the same questions are still capable of being raised. Duchamp and the Dada movement had the purpose of art being viewed from an intellectual perspective as well as a purely visual one; the idea was to confront traditional ideas about the truth and nature of aesthe ticism. Duchamp further defied the traditions of aesthetics and the nature of what qualifies as art with what may be his most famous Dadaist work ever, â€Å"L.H.O.O.Q.†. This takes the iconic image of Leonard Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa, perhaps the epitome for most people of the concept of what a work of art is, and transforms it by committing the anti-art act of graffiti upon it in the form of a drawn mustache across the La Giaconda’s enigmatic smile. While the immediate reaction might be that such an act is intended to mock Leonardo himself. and the Mona Lisa specifically. From a Dadaist perspective, however, "L.H.O.O.Q." isn't even intended to an indictment of the work of art that it apparently slanders, but is designed to be a larger attack against such things as how society positions art, as well as how art can exist in a society that has also produced such atrocities of the human condition. A deeper insight into what Duchamp may be saying could be society needs to be more vociferous in their acceptance of artworks that aren't conventionally beautiful. To take this idea to its logical conclusion, of course, would to say that "L.H.O.O.Q" also asks society to look at itself more closely in determining what is beautiful and what is ugly. Dada's confrontational techniques consistently ask the viewer to look more closely as how the works of Duchamp might be appealing even if they are not conventionally compelling. Despite what contemporary society may appear to say, this question is hardly answered to satisfaction. In recent decades, the ideal of beauty has shifted to include any number of unconventional concepts of beauty. Duchamp and the Dada movement asked that the intellectual element of an artwork reach as high a level of importance of visual beauty of it. One fan of art may look at the Mona Lisa's beauty marred by a mustache as distasteful, but that criticism is not just acceptable to the Dadaists but vital. Art should not be judged exclusively on the basis of aesthetics, but from an intellectual perspective as well that takes into consideration such things as the socio-political value the work of art has. What kind of comment does it make on the world that has shaped the artist who created, as well as the opini ons that viewers engage when they critique it. Judging a work of art simply through its visual merits result in a self-imposed limitation on the enjoyment and experience that is possible. Equally true would it be limiting to confuse art with beauty and beauty with art. Ponder this quote from Duchamp himself, "Art may

Stages of the Purchasing Decision Process

Stages of the Purchasing Decision Process P-1: Describe the main stages of the purchasing decision making process Business buying decision process Business buying decision process consists of the following steps. Problem recognition General need description Product specification Supplier search Proposal solicitation Supplier selection Order routine specification Performance review (Kotler, Armstrong, 2008) Problem recognition: It will occur when an organization recognizes a problem or need that can be meet by buying a product or service. General need description: Lets assume that an organization wants to improve its services or products soin this step characteristics of the services and products needed are explicitly expressed. Product specification: After the pervious step an organization will express the specification of the product or services which will be of course done with the consultation of the engineering or technical team. Supplier search: In this step an organization will search for the supplier of the goods needed this can be done by reviewing trade directories or by doing computer search. It will obviously short list those one who has good reputation and offers best deals. Proposal solicitation: Once the search is complete then an organization will invite suppliers to submit their proposal, in this case presentation by the supplier might be needed. Supplier selection: In this step the organization will finalize the supplier. Factors like competitive prices, honest communication, quality products and services etc are of great importance in this regard. Order routine specification: At this stage the organization management will prepare an order-routine specification. It will also incorporate final order with selected supplier and list of other elements technical services after sales required, date of delivery return polices and warranties etc. Performance review: After order-routine specification in this step organization will assess the performance of the suppliers products or services. This may lead organization to keep on, change, of drop the arrangement with the supplier. Consumer buying decision process Consumer buying decision process consists of the following steps Need recognition Information search Evaluation of alternatives Purchase decision Post Purchase behavior (Kotler, Armstrong, 2008) Need recognition: The process starts with need recognition the buyer feels that he should have the specific products or services in order to fulfill his need. The reason behind this can be internal stimuli i.e. need to fulfill and external stimuli i.e. products or services ads. Information search: An interested prospect intending to buy products or services will search for information regarding various companies offering those products or services. He will use sources like internet, friends etc. Evaluation of alternatives:The marketing people of companies need to know about how various consumers evaluate products or services well the process is not easy to understand. Here the consumers might keep the following points of evaluation criteria prices, quality, and brand. Purchase decision: Normally the consumer is suppose to buy that product or service which up to highest level fulfill his evaluation criteria but even at this stage same factor might alter consumers decisions. Post Purchase behavior: Consumers buying decision process does not end with the purchase of the product or service it engages itself in post-purchase process. This determines whether the buyer is satisfied with product or service bought or not. If satisfied then good word mouth will happen and vice versa. Consumers satisfaction, dissatisfaction or delightedness depends upon buyer expectations and the product or service quality perceived performance. P-2: Identify approaches and theories of buyer behavior in terms of individuals and markets The basic purpose of marketing is to affect how customers think about the organization and about its products. To affect whats, whens, and hows of the buying behavior, marketing managers should first understand the whys. Buying behavior is very hard to understand yet it is extremely important task that marketer need to perform. If a marketer can identify buying behavior of its target audience, he or she will be in a better position to target products and services at them. Buyer behavior is focused upon the needs of individuals, groups and organizations. Talking about buyer fundamentally there are two types of buyers recognized the first is the Ultimate consumers and the second one is business buyers (in this outcome markets refers to business buyers). Ultimate Consumers: Those individuals and households who buy good and services for personal consumption. Business buyer: Those firms that buy goods and services for the use in the production of their products and services or for the purpose of reselling and renting them to others at a profit. Approaches used to alter target audience buying behavior Model for Consumer behavior For companies the buying decision is the most crucial element for their entire organization. The most prominent question in the regard is that: how do consumers respond to different marketing activities that a firm might use? The first step in finding the solution to this important question can be stimulus response model of consumer buying behavior. This model suggests that marketing efforts and other stimuli enter the consumers â€Å"black box† and produce certain responses. Marketers must understand what is their in that black box. Marketing stimuli consists of four Ps and includes other major environmental forces and actors like economic, technological etc. All these inputs go in the black box, where these efforts are converted into various responses like product choice, dealer choice, purchase timing etc. The important thing that marketers need to figure out is that what is there in black box. It has twp parts first buyers characteristics influence how he or she perceives and reacts to the stimuli. Secondly the buyers decision itself affects the buyer behavior. (Kotler, Armstrong, 2008) Model for business buyers This model helps the marketers to understand that how business buyers will respond to various marketing stimuli. The marketing and the other stimuli which are carved in order to affect buyer behavior are similar to the consumer model. How ever the expected responses are little bit different which include Product or service choice, supplier choice, order quantity etc. the biggest difference between consumer and business model is the difference between the factors and people which alter and perform buying process. With in the organization purchasing those goods consists two major parts: the buying center i.e. the people who make the ultimate decision and buying process. This approach suggests four questions about business buyer behavior. What buying decisions do business buyers make? Who participates in the buying process? What are the major factors that influence buying process? How does an organization make its buying decision? (Kotler, Armstrong, 2008) Types of individual and business buying behavior situation Types of individual buying behavior situations Complex buying behavior: in this type of buying the situation the consumer is highly involved in the purchase process and there is a clear perceived different among various brands. For example if someone intends to buy an insurance policy in this case he is highly involved in the process along with having significant information about various companies. Dissonance- reducing buying behavior: when the consumer is highly involved in the purchase process but he knew very little about companies offering that particular good i.e. he cannot differentiate brands for example in Pakistan if someone intend to buy a dry cleaner in this case he or she may deeply involve in the buying but having very less information about the brands. Habitual buying behavior: this type of buying process incurs when there is low involvement of consumer and the buyer has few significant perceived differences about brands. Variety seeking buyer behavior: It occurs under the condition of low consumer involvement in the purchasing process but having significant knowledge about different brand. For example buying a cold drink. Types of Business buying behavior situations Straight re-buy: an organization buying things in a routine order without any modification. For example if a car company buys tires on routine basis without any medication. Modified re-buy: in this buying situation the buyer reorders something but along with instructions of some modification. For example if Car Company reorders tires but with some modifications lets say with good quality rubber. New-Task: when a business buys any product or service for the first time this type of buying situation is called new task. For example if a Car company diversify and buy machine for tire manufacturing. System selling: Purchasing a packaged solution to some problem for single seller as a result ignoring all the separate decision involved in a complex buying situation. This is often a key marketing strategy for availing and retaining business accounts. (Kotler, Armstrong, 2008) Theories regarding individual and business buying behavior Maslows theory of Motivation Abraham Maslows through his famous theory explained that how human beings are motivated by particular needs at particular times. He argued that all behaviors start with a need: physical needs social acceptances are examples of needs. Why does a person spend so much of money and time on personal security and on gaining social status? His answer to this is that human needs are arranged in hierarchy from the most compelling one in the start and the least compelling one at the end. These needs include physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs and self actualization needs. An individual tires to attain such means through the most pressing (physiological needs) needs can be satisfied once one levels needs are sufficiently enough satisfied then an individual will endeavor to satisfy the next levels needs like for example any body physical and security needs should be satisfied sufficient enough in order to get telecom services as this services can be related to belongings level because many people buy this service in order to communicate. (Maslow, Blogger, 1954) Freud was psychologist he believed that people are largely unaware about the actual psychological forces shaping their behavior. He observed that people while growing up keep inside many urges which are never eliminated or under full control: they are expressed in dreams, slips of tongue etc, or some times in psychoses. His theory suggested that human beings buying decisions are influenced by subconscious motives that the purchaser may not fully understand. For example if any person buys a Mercedes might say that I have bought it because its very comfortable and make status statement. At a deeper level the actual reason might be to eliminate the feel of inferiority. (Kotler, Armstrong, 2008) P-3: Explain the factors that affect buyer behavior As explained earlier that there are two types of buyer who are the ultimate consumer and second one is business buyer here factors that influence there buying behavior is explained separately for both. Factors that affect final consumers buying behavior Consumer behavior is deeply affected by cultural, social, personal, and psychological characteristics these factors at most of the time are uncontrollable. These factors are explained in detail which is as follows: Cultural factors Culture: Culture is basic reason behind any person wants and behavior. Human beings behavior is mostly learned. As time passes our culture is becoming more materialistic which implies that people will buy more electronic and other technological goods so changing culture is a bit difficult for those firms which are not advanced technologically. Subculture: Each culture has smaller subcultures. It is basically a group of people who have same value system based on ordinary life experience and conditions. Social class: Social classes are a society‘s permanent and arranged sections whose members beliefs in common values, interests and ways of doing things. It is not determined by keeping on element in mind like income rather factors like occupation, income, education, wealth, and other variables are kept in mind. Social factors Groups: A persons way of doing things is also altered by the group to which he belongs. Group can affect firms target audience in some way or other. Reference group: Reference group for a person is that group to which he admires. It serve wither in straight (face to face) or indirect point of judgment or reference in forming a persons attitude or behavior. People most of times are influenced by reference group to which they do not belong. Family: It is the most significant consumer buying unit in a society and it has been researched widely. Marketing managers must pay a great deal of attention to the roles of consumers which deeply influence the purchase decision while buying products or services to themselves. Roles and status: A person at the same time belongs to different groups- family, organization, clubs, etc. A role consists of actions that one is suppose to execute according to environment around him or her. Very role contain a status representing the general esteem given to it by society. Personal factors Age and life cycle stage: Choices of food, clothes, etc are often age related. People change their buying habits with changes in their age. Purchasing is also influenced by the stage of the family life cycle- the stages through which families might. Occupation: An individual occupation influence the choice of goods and services bought. Economic situation: A persons buying pattern is affected by economic situation in a very significant manner. For example economy of Pakistan is in a worst shape so people will have less money to spend which they will buy products or services too so this factor is really important for firms. Life styles: life style is a person way of living presented in this or her psychographics. Individuals which belong to same culture, subculture, social class and occupation may have different life style. Life style portrays something more than on persons social class or personality. Personality and self concept: Personality means the distinct psychological attributes that lead to comparatively consistent and lasting responses to ones own world. Each person distinct personality put and effect on his or her buying pattern. It is usually described in term traits like self confidence, autonomy, adaptability and aggressiveness. Many marketers utilize a notion related to personality i.e. â€Å"self concept†. The idea which self concept convey is that people possessions contribute to and reflect their identities; that is we are what we have. Hence to understand your target audience psyche first you must understand the relationship between self concept and possessions. Psychological factors Motivation: Human beings at the same time have many needs. Some are biological such as hunger, thirst or discomfort others are physiological, arising from the need of recognition, esteem, or belonging. A need transformed into a motive when its deficiency is experienced up to an intense level thus compelling a person to satisfy it. Two famous theory regarding motivation were proposed by Sigmund friend and Abraham Maslow. Perception: It is the procedure by which human being select, organize, and interpret information to form meaningful picture of the world. If for example people perceive a firm as a good company so more and more people will buy its products or services as its existing customers will suggest it to others. Learning: When people take action they learn. Learning is basically changes in the individuals behavior as a consequence of experience. It incurs when on interacts with stimuli, cues, responses and reinforcement. When one buy firms products or services and or respond to its advertisements and if he/she found the sayings of firm correct so consumers will learn about its products and services in a positive manner and vice versa. Beliefs and attitude: A belief is an expressive thought that a person has about something. It may be based upon real knowledge, opinion, or faith and it also may or may not have an emotional factor. It is of great importance to any firm marketers because it shapes its brand image that alters purchasing decision. Attitudes are comparatively consistent evaluations, feeling, and tendencies toward object or idea. It structures people liking and disliking patterns. Changing someone attitudes is a very hard task to perform. P-4: Evaluate the relationship between brand loyalty, corporate image, and repeat purchase Before explaining the relationship between these three elements first its definition one should understand its definitions. Brand loyalty: brands that consumer generally buy from the same manufacturer repeatedly over time rather that buying it from multiple suppliers within the category. It also refers to the degree to which consumers consistently purchase the same brand within the product class. (12manage) Corporate image: The perceptions and impressions of an organization by the public as a result of interaction with the organization and the way the organization presents itself. Organizations have traditionally focused on the design of communication and advertising materials, using logos, symbols, text, and color to create a favorable impression on target groups, but a variety of additional activities contribute to a positive corporate image these include PR programs. (CBS Interactive Business Network) Positioning (the way the consumer perceive you or in simple words corporate image) of a company is affected by Performance of an organization Features of products or services Shape of firms offering Distribution channel used Location of a company offices and outlets Countries of origin i.e. the country where organizations headquarter are located. For example France is famous for perfumes so some company office is there so it is obvious that people will perceive it in a positive manner. This factor has been discussed deeply by famous Harvard professor Michael E Porter in his book â€Å"Competitive Advantage of Nations†. A company that mismanages or ignores its image is likely to encounter a variety of problems. Reputation problems grow like weed in a garden, Davis Young wrote in his book â€Å"Building Your Companys Good Name. Four types of positioning error can occur Under positioning: in this condition firm is not able to portray full benefits of its offerings. Over Positioning: in such status quo company narrow its image in the mind of consumers. Confused Positioning: consumers are confused that what does this company really offers and to whom. Doubtful Positioning: in this situation buyers are skeptical that whether whatever the company is saying is true or not. Repeat purchase: This term is referred to the notion when customer buys the same brand purchased by him on the previous occasion; also called repurchase. Brand loyalty can be calculated by a pattern of repeat purchases. For retaining (repeat purchasing) so that consumers buy your product again and again the business should produce better product then their competitors. P-5: Review and evaluate different type of market research techniques? Marketing research is a systematic design of collection, analysis and reporting of data in order to improve management decision by providing relevant, accurate, and timely (RAT) information. (Aaker, Kumar and Day, 2005 p.no.1) Marketing researchers employ different kinds of research techniques in order to meet their research objective. The following are different kinds of marketing research techniques which are discussed and evaluated in detail below: Qualitative marketing research techniques Observational marketing research technique Different surveys techniques (Quantitative methods) Experimentation Qualitative marketing research techniques: These methods are less structures and more flexible. Data gathered from these kind of marketing research techniques is very rich and deep because of the longer and flexible relationship with the respondents which implies more chances of new insights and perspectives. There are three main areas where these techniques can be employed. Exploratory: defining the problem, suggesting hypothesis etc. Orientation: learning more about consumer real motives; the way the think. Clinical: having and insight in to such issues that otherwise is might not be possible to know with structured research methods. So for the following qualitative marketing research techniques have been identified and employed by researchers. Individual in-depth interviews Focus group session Projective techniques Individual in-depth interviews: These types of interviews are employed by having a face to face contact with the respondents in which an issue is discussed in great details. There are two basic types of individual in depth interviews which are nondirective and semi structured. In nondirective interviews the interviewee is given full freedom to respond within the limits of issue under discussion, such sessions are one to two hour long. In semi structured interviews the researcher attempt to explore only those area which are on his list. The time and exact wording are pre decided for each question to be discussed. Advantages Studies can be conducted in remote area through telephone in depth interview. Data gathered is rich and deep because of the time consumed. Focus on research issue. More value: it helps the researcher to find unconscious motivational factors. Semi structured interviews are very flexible to interview busy executive because time and wording is pre decided. Disadvantages Time consuming because most of time these sessions are conducted for 1 to 2 hours. Difficulty regarding record keeping most of people especially executives dont like tape recorders. As very few people are considered for the research so it means a poor representative of the whole population This type of techniques requires very skilled researcher which might become a problem in some situations. Focus group sessions: It is the process of attaining possible idea or solutions to a marketing issue from a group of people by discussing it. The basic elements which makes a focus group session successful or flop is group interaction on a chain of topics introduced by a moderator. The group included consists of five to nine members who are encouraged to express their opinion on the issue, and to further explain or react with the views of other respondents. The main aim is similar to unstructured interview but the moderator plays a more inactive role in the discussion. Advantages It provides more encouragement than an in depth interview which results in new perspectives. People speak out in these sessions because of a sense of security by being in a crowd (group behavior). More depth: as it names explains that these session are focused on one issue which means more value and deepness in the data. Sparking: some time one person views sparks a new idea in another respondents mind which is unlikely to happen in depth interviews. Disadvantages Time consuming: as these sessions are conducted for 2 to 3 hours. Again the respondents selected might not a better representation of the population. Poorly conducted session leads towards wrong results which mean waste of time and money Its cost is very high. Analysis and interpretation of the data collected is very complex because of dispersion in the respondents opinions. Projective techniques: This technique is employed by presenting an ambiguous, unstructured object, activity, or person that a respondent is asked to explain. Respondents involvement is directly proportional to level of ambiguity which will result in hidden motives and feeling. This technique become a part of whole research design when it is expected that a populations sample will not or cannot respond expressively to a direct questions about the reason for certain behavior and about the motives behind buying certain products. It has different kinds for example word association, picture interpretation, case studies etc. Advantages It is used by researchers where other techniques cannot be used to obtain the research objective i.e. it helps to identify hidden consumer motives. By using this technique a marketer can identify opportunities for really new functions in any product category. The word association technique has been very useful for obtaining responses to potential brand names. Strong control on research information as it is a simulation test so it wholly depends upon the researcher that where he want to take the research. Disadvantages Very difficult to employ because of its complexities and skill requirement for the researcher. It might be very hard find the right persons for these tests. It might not be possible to employ this research method in some parts of the world because of the technology requirement for these tests. Idea taken from (Aaker, Kumar and Day, marketing research, 2005) Observational marketing research technique: Observational research or field research is research technique that involves the direct observation of people in their natural setting. There are many types of observational methods which have been identified and implemented by researchers. These methods have yielded very good results. Some organization believe very much in observational methods for example Swedish home appliances maker Electrolux. These techniques are widely used in retail store audits, shelf space audit etc. its different kinds are direct observation, contrived observation, Content analysis, Physical trace methods, etc. These methods are limited to providing information on current behavior. Due to this strong argument many researchers do not use these methods. However there are some strong reasons that why observational research should be used in overall research design. Some of the reasons are as follow; Causal observation is an important exploratory research technique. Organization managers constantly observe factors such as competitive prices and advertising activities the length of lines of buyer waiting to buy products of that particular company and read trade journal in order identify threats and opportunities. Systematic observation can be fruitful addition to other research methods. For example during a personal interview if a researcher observe the respondents race, his neighborhood, and other conditions under which he lives so it this data can supplement his analysis . It can be some time the most effect way to check the effectiveness of some activities. For example it can help a researcher to observe in store traffic pattern, check the effectiveness of in store advertising etc. Advantages It is probably the less expensive if compared with other research methods. The data achieved through this method is most accurate because the consumers is un-aware that he is been observed so every action is original. Some time the observation is the only method that can employed. This is the case with infant children they are not able to clearly identify their choices so observing them is the only choice. Physical trace method tough used very rarely is also sometimes the only option left. For example if someone want to measure the amount of Alcohol consumed in Peshawar so it can only measured by counting the bottles in carbides because officially Alcohol is not allowed for sale in Peshawar. Disadvantages Observational methods only observe current behavior they cannot observe human motives, attitudes, or indentations. It may be sometimes very costly and time consuming if there is a sample problems of the research is supposed to highly subjective. It cannot be used to study cognitive or affective variables. Idea taken from (Aaker, Kumar and Day, marketing research, 2005) Different surveys techniques (Quantitative methods): Following are the different kinds of survey techniques Personal interviewing Telephone interviewing Mail surveys Web surveys Personal interviewing: It is characterized by the interaction of the four elements the researchers, the interviewers, the interviewee and the interview environment. While a personal interview the interviewer interact with interviewee and at the same time affect on another in an interview environment. Door to door interviews, executives interviews, Mall intercept surveys; self- administrated questionnaires, etc are the types of this kind of techniques. Advantages Interest can created in the start through face to face interaction with respondents which will increase the participation rate. This mode of research can very useful when respondents are asked complex questions. This problem can be eliminated by showing him pictorial aids. It is the most feasible option when large amount of data is required and the questionnaires contain complex questions. This type of method has got more flexibility. Some questions can be skipped by the researcher in order to save time if needed. Disadvantages Personal interviews are time consuming. It cost a lot as it is administrated for large samples. Because of time and cost expenditures per person it cost more than mail or telephone surveys. Telephone interviewing: It is generally more like personal interviewing expect some elements are unique. Its process includes selecting the telephone numbers, the call outcomes, the introduction, when to call and call reports. This is gradually becoming the widespread method for obtaining information from large sample. Advantages It has got more operational flexibility as it can administrated from central place in appropriate hours or from the examiner home. It less time consuming as more interviews can be conducted in less time. Time can be better utilized for example if the survey is based on teenagers so one can call on that time on which they are expected to be at home. It is more efficient than other metho

Hunter V Moss Criticisms

Certainty of subject matter and the critcisms of hunter v moss When creating an express trust knight and knight articulated that there must be certainty of subject matter, certainty of intention and certainty of objects. Certainty of subject matter is where there must be an identification of the trust property and certainty as to whom is which part of the trust property to be held. In relation to uncertainty of beneficial interests, the trust will fail where the method of distribution is stipulated by the sethlow but cannot take effect (Boyce v Boyce).However the trust will not fail where the method of distribution is not stipulated by the sethlow leaving the court to intervene (re napton). If there is an effect of lack of certainty in respect of the beneficial interests in the trust property a resulting trust will be imposed because equity hates a vacuum, the trust property will therefore be held on trust for the sethlow or if he is dead for his estate.In regards to identification o f the trust property If there is a lack of a proper identification of the trust property, the trust will fail because the property never leaves the sethlow and there is no need for a resulting trust. However the term residue estate will not fail a trust because it means all the remaining trust property. It is quantifiable A problem occurs where the wording used is not sufficiently certain as to know what property is intended to be held on trust and where the property that is held on trust is not segregated by the sethlow from a larger amount of similar property he owns. If a trust fund is not segregated then there will be no certainty of subject matter and the trust will fail. The problem is identifying the property that constitutes the trust fund. The property must be identifiable otherwise the courts would not know which property is to be distributed to the beneficiaries. It must be shown that the sethlow intended to create a trust over specified property. In Palmer v Simmons â₠¬Ëœthe bulk of her estate’ was not sufficiently certain and ‘remaining part of what is left’ also (sprange v barnard).However in Re Golay the court looked at the tester’s intention’. To deduce what ‘reasonable income’ meant Oliver J articulated the orthodox approach or rule in re London wine where property must be segregated form a lager mass of similar property for there to be a valid trust he said â€Å"To create a trust it must be possible to ascertain with certainty not only what the interest of the beneficiary is to be but to what property it is to attach. â€Å"The ‘mere declaration that a given number of animals out of the flock would be held on trust would not create a trust’. This approach was followed in re Goldcorp which affirmed that property must be separately identifiable before it can be held on a valid trust. The contention arose with Hunter v Moss which did not follow the orthodox approach where Hunter wa s entitled 50 out of moss’s 1000 shares. Under the Goldcorp rule there would be no trust because the property was not separated however Dillon J said there was a valid trust.The rationale for this controversial decision was that it would have made no difference which 50 shares would have been given because they were all identical. So here there was no need to segregate the property if it was intangible. The problem with this case is that Dillon is giving the trustee of the will who only has legal title subject to the terms of the trust an executor status, i. e. putting him in the shoes of the sethlow.This is a problem because the executor acquires legal title in all of the deceased’s person’s property with a power to make a division of property in accordance with the terms of the will as personal representative of the deceased. Whereas the inter vivos trustee makes a division subject to the terms of the trust. So inter vivos trustee cannot know what property fal ls under his remit whereas the executor knows that he has title in the whole property formally vested in the testator so there is no uncertainty of subject matter.Dillon did not make a distinction between tangible and intangible property. But did say that â€Å"the London wine case concerned chattels and this case concerned a title over shares† This case has been applied in Holland v Newbury where the securities were intangible property and therefore did not require segregation. This may mean that Hunter v Moss is precedent because it was resolved in the C of A whereas Goldcorp was decided in the Privy Council and can only be deemed a persuasive authority.However the earlier case of MacJordan v Brookemount may have supported Dillon because the judge thought it was not necessary to segregate part of the bank account from a larger amount of money in the same account. However here there was no identifiable bank account in the first place to establish a trust so it was void. Othe r problems with Hunter v Moss is that it ignores traditional property law which requires there to be specific and identifiable property which is the subject to a trust. There was only a valid trust because there were ufficient shares to satisfy the claim. The C of A could not have decided this in Goldcorp because there were more claims than there was property to satisfy them. If there was a distinction to be made between cases in which it would be valid to hold one trust valid despite insufficient segregation and another trust invalid on grounds of insufficient segregation it would not be based on whether the property was tangible or intangible but rather whether the legal owner of that property was solvent or insolvent which in Goldcorp he was insolvent..So it seems Dillon lj's reasoning is ill founded. Another problem is that why should there be a specific rule for intangible property. Tangible property could be subject to the same rules. In Caswell v Powell â€Å"bushels of whea t are indistinguishable† and that in relation to a 1000 ball bearings it does not matter if 500 were separated because they would be all the same. So the distinction based on tangible and intangible property is weak and that it would be better to base a distinction on whether the trustee was solvent or insolvent.The reaction to Hunter v Moss has been mixed Alistair Hudson says that â€Å"Hunter v Moss is concerned with achieving justice between the parties†. Because Goldcorp concerned the allocation of property whereas HAUNTER V Moss the court was concerned with preventing the employer from benefiting from a breach of contract. However David Hayton argues that Dillon’s judgment may well come to be stigmatised as determined perilously close to vacation.He highlights questions left open by hunter v Moss Because, Moss declared himself trustee of 50 of his shares, an obvious problem arises because there is no certainty as to which 50 of the 950 shares the trust relat es. Thus, if Moss subsequently sells 50 shares how do the Revenue know whether he is selling his own shares, so that he is chargeable to capital gains tax, or if he is selling Hunter's shares so that Hunter is so chargeable?If the proceeds of sale are profitably or detrimentally reinvested does the new investment belong in equity to Hunter or Moss, bearing in mind that it is only if Moss is acting wrongfully in respect of specific shares that Hunter can take advantage of the equitable tracing rules to apply whichever of them suits him best? Can Hunter obtain an injunction to prevent Moss selling or mortgaging any shares or only more than 900 shares? Does Hunter really have any specific proprietary interest capable of assignment?Despite these criticisms Jill Martin says that Hunter v Moss appears fair, sensible and workable also Allison Jones says the decision is a sensible one. She says it seems absurd that there could be a valid trust of the entire contents of a bank account which could then be traced wrongly into another account of the trustee but that there cannot be a valid trust of part of the funds in an account. But even Therese Villiers says that â€Å"the flexibility provided by Hunter v. Moss may yet prove to have deleterious effects† Hancock v Watson exception?